From the principle, structure, and characteristics of the standard battery pack, you should pay attention to the following five points when using the standard battery pack.

    The standard battery pack is not allowed to tilt, let alone shake and invert, otherwise the chemical substances in the glass tube will be mixed together, which will affect the electromotive force value and stability, and even cannot be used. The standard battery after transportation must be allowed to stand for sufficient time before it can be used again; the battery that has been inverted can only be used after passing the examination.

    Can not be overloaded. Standard battery packs generally only allow current less than 1μA to pass, otherwise the electromotive force will be unstable due to polarization; the current flowing through the standard battery cannot exceed the allowable value; do not touch the two terminal buttons at the same time with your hands to prevent the human body from short-circuiting the two poles ; It is never allowed to use a voltmeter or a multimeter to measure the electromotive force value of a standard battery, because the internal resistance of this kind of instrument is not large enough, and the battery discharge current will be too large.

    The temperature and humidity for use and storage must comply with the regulations. Temperature fluctuations should be small to prevent errors caused by hysteresis. The temperature gradient should be small to prevent the temperature of the two electrodes from being inconsistent. If the temperature difference between the two electrodes is 0.1°C, there will be an electromotive force deviation of about 30pV. Therefore, there can be no cold or heat sources near the battery, and it must be kept at a constant temperature for a period of time when it is moved to a new temperature before it can be used.

    Should not be exposed to direct sunlight or light. Because the depolarizing agent mercurous sulfate of standard batteries is a photosensitive material, it will deteriorate after exposure to light, which will cause serious polarization and hysteresis.

    The polarity of the standard battery pack cannot be reversed. Since the terminal voltage of the Zener diode has almost nothing to do with the fluctuation of the reverse current in a small range, it can also be used as an electromotive force standard and used in an instrument instead of a standard battery.